Ambiri Oweta Ziweto Amadyetsa Ziweto Zawo Zamalonda Zamalonda.Chifukwa Chakudya Chachiweto Chochita Malonda Chimakhala Ndi Ubwino Wazakudya Zokwanira komanso Zolemera, Kudya Kosavuta Ndi Zina Zina.Malingana ndi Njira Zosiyanasiyana Zopangira Ndi Madzi, Chakudya Cha Pet Chikhoza Kugawidwa Mu Zakudya Zouma Zanyama, Chakudya Chachiweto Chopanda Pang'ono, Ndi Chakudya Cham'zitini;Malinga ndi Maonekedwe, Chakudya Chachiweto Chikhoza Kugawidwa M'chakudya Chosakaniza, Chakudya Chonyowa Chofewa, ndi Chakudya Chouma.Nthawi zina Zimakhala Zovuta Kusintha Madyedwe a Chiweto, Ngakhale Chakudya Chatsopano Choperekedwa kwa Chiweto Ndi Chakudya Chokwanira Ndipo Chimakwaniritsa Zosowa.
Chakudya Chouma Chanyama Nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi madzi 10% mpaka 12%.Chakudya Chowuma Chimaphatikizanso Chakudya Chaufa Wokakamira, Chakudya Cha Granule, Chakudya Chosakhazikika Pansi, Chakudya Chofutukuka Chowonjezera Ndi Chakudya Chophika, Mwa Zomwe Zodziwika Kwambiri Ndi Zotchuka Ndi Chakudya Chofutukuka.Chakudya Chouma Chachiweto Chimapangidwa makamaka ndi Mbewu, Zopangira Mbewu, Zogulitsa za Soya, Zanyama, Zogulitsa Zanyama (Kuphatikiza Zamkaka), Mafuta, Mavitamini Ndi Mchere.Chakudya Champhaka Chouma Nthawi zambiri chimatuluka.Amphaka Alibe Mitondo, Choncho Mafupa A Zakudya Zamphaka Ayenera Kupangidwa Ndi Kukula Kwa Kudula Ndi Incinsors M'malo Mopera Ndi Molars, Ndipo Njira Yowonjezera Ndi Yoyenera Kukwaniritsa Chofunika Chapadera Ichi (Rokey Ndi Huber, 1994) (Nrc 2006).
Zakudya Zowuma Zowuma
01: Mfundo Yowonjezera Kukulitsa
Njira Yoyankhira Ndi Kusakaniza Ma ufa Osiyanasiyana Molingana ndi Fomu Yopangidwira, Kenako Kumayendetsa Mpweya Wotentha, Kenako Kutuluka Pansi Pa Kutentha Kwakukulu Ndi Kupanikizika Kwambiri Pambuyo Pakukalamba, Kenako Kufa Kumatuluka Kwa Chipinda Chowonjezera Mwadzidzidzi Kumatsika Kutentha Ndi Kupanikizika, Kumayambitsa. Tinthu Zogulitsa Kuti Zikula Mofulumira.Ndipo Dulani Mumapangidwe Ofunika Atatu-Dimensional Ndi Wodulayo.
Njira Yoyamwitsa Ingathe Kugawidwa Mkupuma Kouma Ndi Kunyowa Kumangirira Kutengera Kuchuluka Kwa Madzi Owonjezera;Malinga ndi Mfundo Yogwirira Ntchito, Itha Kugawidwa M'kutulutsa Kwa Extrusion Ndi Kupumira Kwa Gasi Wotentha.Extrusion And Puffing Ndi Njira Yokhazikitsira ndi Kutentha Zida, Kupitilira Kupanikizika Kwambiri, Kuchepetsa Kupanikizika Mwadzidzidzi, ndi Kukula kwa Voliyumu.
Pakadali pano, Chakudya Chagalu Chambiri Chogulitsidwa Pamsika Chimapangidwa Ndi Kutulutsa Ndi Kupaka.Njira Yowonjezera Ndi Kupaka Kutha Kupangitsa Wowuma M'chakudya Kufikira Mulingo Woyenera Wa Gelatinization, Kuti Alimbikitse Kusungunuka Kwa Wowuma Ndi Ziweto (Mercier And Feillit, 1975) (Nrc 2006).
02: Njira Yowonjezera Ndi Kupaka
Njira Yamtundu Wamakono Wowonjezera Wowonjezera Ndi Kukonzekera Ufa Wosiyanasiyana Powonjezera Nthunzi Ndi Madzi Kutentha ndi Kutentha, Kuti Zida Zifewetsedwe, Wowuma Ndi Gelatinized, Ndipo Mapuloteni Amasinthidwanso.Popanga Chakudya Cha Ziweto, Slurry Nyama, Molasses Ndi Zinthu Zina Nthawi Zina Zimawonjezedwa Kuti Zikhale Zosangalatsa.
Conditioner Ndiye Chida Chogwiritsiridwa Ntchito Kwambiri Pakupanga Zakudya za Pellet.Kutentha kwa nthunzi Ndiko Kofunika Kwambiri Pakudulira, Ndipo Kuchuluka Kwa Nthunzi Yowonjezedwa Kumatengera Zomwe Zili M'madzi Omangika Ndi Zakudya Ndi Mtundu Wachakudya.Mukayika, M'pofunika Kuti Zinthu ndi Nthunzi Yamadzi Zikhale ndi Nthawi Yaitali Yokwanira Yokhala mu Conditioner, Kuti Madzi Alowe Mokwanira M'zinthu.Ngati Nthawi Ndi Yaifupi Kwambiri, Madzi Sangalowe M'zinthu, Koma Amangokhala Pamwamba M'mawonekedwe a Madzi Aulere.Sizothandizira Kugwira Ntchito Zotsatira.
Kusintha kwa Steam kuli ndi maubwino angapo:
①Chepetsani Kukangana Ndi Kutalikitsa Moyo Wakusindikiza Kanema.Pamene Kutentha, Madzi Akhoza Kulowa M'zinthu, Ndipo Madzi Angagwiritsidwe Ntchito Monga Mafuta Kuti Achepetse Kukangana Pakati Pazinthu Ndi Kanema Wokanikizira, Potero Kuchepetsa Kutayika Kwa Kanemayo Ndi Kutalikitsa Moyo Wautumiki.
② Kupititsa patsogolo luso la kupanga.Ngati Chinyezi Chili Chotsika Kwambiri Panthawi Yowonjezera, Viscosity Pakati pa Zida Zosiyanasiyana Zidzakhala Zosauka, Ndipo Kupanga Kukhoza Kudzakhalanso Kosauka.Kuchulukitsa Chinyezi Kutha Kuchulukitsa Kwambiri Kupanga Kwa Ma Pellets, Ndipo Pamene Zotsatira Zili Zabwino, Mphamvu Yopanga Itha Kuwonjezeka ndi 30%.
③ Chepetsani Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu.Pamene Chinyezi Chili Chochepa, Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu Zotsatira Zowonjezera Ndi Njira Zina Zimawonjezeka, Ndipo Chiwerengero Cha Ntchito Zingathe Kuchepetsedwa Pamene Zakudya Zofanana Zimapangidwa Pambuyo pa Kutentha kwa Nthunzi, Potero Kuchepetsa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu.
④ Kupititsa patsogolo Ubwino wa Particle.Kuwongolera Kuchuluka Kwa Nthunzi Yamadzi Yowonjezedwa Kutengera Zida Zosiyanasiyana Pakuwotcha Kutha Kupititsa patsogolo Ubwino Wa Granules.
⑤ Limbikitsani Chitetezo Chakudya.Panthawi ya Steam Conditioning process, Mpweya Wotentha Kwambiri Wowonjezera Ukhoza Kupha Tizilombo Zosiyanasiyana Zomwe Zili M'zakudya Zosiyanasiyana ndikuwonjezera Chitetezo Chakudya.
Ma ufa Osiyanasiyana Atatha Kuyimitsidwa Amatumizidwa Mwachindunji mu Chipinda Chowonjezera cha Extruder, Ndi Mpweya Wowonjezera, Madzi, Ndipo Nthawi Zina Ufa Waufa Wamapira, Slurry Wanyama, Etc. Amawonjezeredwa.Chipinda Chowonjezera Ndi Chigawo Chachikulu cha Extrusion System, Ndipo Ntchito Zambiri za Dongosolo Lonse Zimamalizidwa Ndi Gawoli.Lili ndi Screw, Sleeve And Die Etc. Chigawo Ichi Chidzatsimikizira Ngati Extruder Idzakhala Single Kapena Twin Screw, Ngati Ili Ndi Ma Shaft Awiri Ofanana Idzakhala Twin Screw Extruder, Ngati Ili Ndi Imodzi Yokha Ndiye Idzakhala Single Single. Extruder.Ntchito Yaikulu Ya Gawoli Ndi Kusakaniza Ndi Kuphika Zosakanizazo, Ndipo Ikhoza Kudzazidwa Ndi Madzi Kapena Gasi Mogwirizana Ndi Zomwe Zili.Chipinda Chowonjezera Chimagawidwa Mugawo Lodyetsera, Gawo Losakaniza Ndi Gawo Lophikira.Gawo Losakaniza Ndilo Kulowera Komwe Ufa Wotentha Umalowa M'chipinda Chowonjezera, Ndipo Kuchulukana Kwazinthu Zopangira Kumakhala Kochepa Kwambiri Panthawiyi;Pamene Kupanikizika Kwam'kati kwa Gawo Losakaniza Kuwonjezeka, Kuchulukana Kwa Zopangira Zopangira Kumawonjezeka Pang'onopang'ono, Ndipo Kutentha ndi Kupanikizika mu Gawo Lophika Kumawonjezeka Kwambiri.Kapangidwe ka Zinthu Zakuthupi Zinayamba Kusintha.Mkangano Pakati Pa Ufa Ndi Khoma La Mimbi, Chipika, Ndi Ufa Ukukula Ndi Kukula, Ndipo Ufa Wosiyanasiyana Amaphikidwa Ndi Kukhwima Pansi Pazophatikiza Zophatikizana Zakukangana, Mphamvu Yometa Ndi Kutentha.Kutentha M'chipinda Chowonjezera Kumatha Kupaka Mafuta Ambiri Owuma Ndi Kuyambitsa Zambiri Mwa Tizilombo Za Pathogenic.
Ena Opanga Chakudya Cha Ziweto Pakalipano Amawonjezera Nyama Yofufumitsa Panjira Yowonjezera, Zomwe Zimalola Kuti Nyama Yatsopano Igwiritsidwe Ntchito M'maphikidwe M'malo mwa Nyama Youma Yokha.Chifukwa cha Chinyezi Chapamwamba cha Nyama Yopanda Kuthiridwa, Izi Zimalola Kuchulukitsa Kwazinthu Zanyama Pakupangidwa Kwazakudya.Kuchulukitsa Zomwe zili mu Nyama Yatsopano Kumapatsa Anthu Kumverera Kwapamwamba.
Njira ya Extrusion ili ndi maubwino angapo:
①Kutentha Kwambiri Ndi Kuthamanga Kwambiri Kumapangidwa mu Njira Yowonjezera Kutha Kumatseketsa Moyenera;
② Ikhoza Kuchulukitsa Mozama Digiri Yokula Kwa Wowuma.Pali Umboni Woti Njira Yowonjezera Itha Kupangitsa Kuti Kukula kwa Wowuma Kufikire Kuposa 90%, Chifukwa chake Digestibility Ya Wowuma Ndi Ziweto Kumakhalanso Bwino Kwambiri;
③ Mapuloteni Osiyanasiyana Muzinthu Zopangira Amapangidwa Kuti Apititse patsogolo Kusungunuka kwa Mapuloteni;
④ Chotsani Zinthu Zosiyanasiyana Zotsutsana ndi Zakudya Zopatsa Zakudya, Monga Antitrypsin Mu Soya.
Pali Kufa Kumatuluka Kwa Extruder, Ndipo Zopangira Zowonjezera Zikadutsa Pakufa, Voliyumu Imakula Mwachangu Chifukwa Chotsika Mwadzidzidzi Kwa Kutentha Ndi Kupanikizika.Posintha Mabowo Akufa, Opanga Chakudya Cha Ziweto Atha Kupanga Chakudya Cha Ziweto M'mitundu Yambiri, Makulidwe Ndi Mitundu.Kutha Kuphatikizikaku Ndikofunikira Kwambiri Pamene Msika Ukusintha, Koma Palibe Zambiri Zomwe Zingasinthe Pakukhudzana ndi Kukwanira Kwazakudya Kwa Zakudya Zanyama.
Chopangidwa Chodzitukumula Chimadulidwa Muma Granules A Utali Winawake Ndi Wodula Wozungulira.Choduliracho chimakhala ndi masamba 1 mpaka 6.Kuti Asinthe Kuthamanga Kwake Kozungulira, Wodula Nthawi zambiri Amayendetsedwa Ndi Galimoto Yaing'ono Yokha.
Mafuta Omwe Amakhala Pazakudya Zowuma Zowonjezedwa Amasiyana Kuchokera pa 6% Kufikira Oposa 25%.Komabe, Mafuta Ochuluka Kwambiri Sangawonjezedwe mu Njira Yowonjezera, Chifukwa Kutentha Kwapamwamba ndi Kuthamanga Kwambiri mu Njira Yowonjezera Kudzakhudza Ma Acid Osaturated, Komanso Zimakhudza Kutulutsa ndi Kuumba Chakudya.Chifukwa chake, Njira Yothirira Mafuta Pamwamba Pambuyo Pakutupa Nthawi zambiri Amagwiritsidwa Ntchito Kuchulukitsa Mafuta Omwe Amapezeka Pazinthuzo.Mafuta Otentha Opopedwa Pamwamba Pa Chakudya Chofutukuka Amatengedwa Mosavuta.Kuchuluka Kwa Jakisoni Wamafuta Kutha Kusinthidwa Mwa Kusintha Kuthamanga Kwa Kupanga Ndi Kuthamanga Kwawonjezeke Mafuta, Koma Njirayi Ndi Yosavuta Kulakwitsa Kwakukulu.Posachedwapa, Njira Yowongolera Imene Imatha Kusintha Kuchuluka Kwa Mafuta Owonjezera Yapangidwa.Dongosololi Limaphatikizapo Dongosolo Lakuwongolera Kuthamanga Ndi Positive Pressure Injection Oil Pump System, Kulakwitsa Kwake Kuli mkati mwa 10%.Popopera mbewu mankhwalawa, amafunikira kuti mafutawo afike kuposa 5%, apo ayi sangaponderezedwe mofanana.Ndizofala Kupopera Mapuloteni Digests Ndi/Kapena Zonunkhira Pamwamba Pa Chakudya Cha Ziweto Kuti Kupititsa Patsogolo Kulandira Chakudya Chachiweto (Corbin, 2000) (Nrc2006).
Pambuyo pa Extrusion ndi Puffing Ikatha, Iyenera Kuwumitsidwa Kuchotsa Nthunzi Ndi Madzi Omwe Amabayidwa Panthawi Yotulutsa.Nthawi zambiri, Chinyezi Chakudya Chitha Kufika 22% Mpaka 28% Panthawi Yokonza, Ndipo Pambuyo Pokonza, Imafunika Kuwumitsidwa Kuti Chinyezi Chifike pa 10% Mpaka 12% Kuti Chigwirizane ndi Shelufu Yazinthuzo.Kuyanika Nthawi zambiri Kumalizidwa Ndi Chowumitsira Chosalekeza Ndi Chozizira Chosiyana Kapena Kuphatikiza Kowumitsira Ndi Chozizira.Popanda Kuyanika Moyenera, Chakudya Chowonjezera Chachiweto Chingathe Kuipa, Ndi Maluwa Ang'onoang'ono Aang'ono Ndi Kukula Kwa Fungal Pa Mlingo Wowopsa.Zambiri Mwa Tizilombozi Zitha Kudwalitsa Amphaka Ndi Agalu, mwachitsanzo, Ngakhale Tizilombo Zochepa Zopangidwa Ndi Nkhungu M'thumba La Chakudya Cha Agalu Zingakhudze Agalu.Muyeso Wamadzi Aulere Pa Chakudya Chachiweto Ndi Mlozera Wa Ntchito Za Madzi, Zomwe Zimatanthauzidwa Monga Kufanana Kwa Kuthamanga Kwa Madzi Akumeneko Ndi Kuthamanga Kwa Nthunzi Pamwamba Pa Chakudya Cha Pet Pa Kutentha Komweko.Mwambiri, Mabakiteriya Ambiri Sangakule Ngati Ntchito Yamadzi Ndi Yotsika Kuposa 0.91.Ngati Ntchito Yamadzi Ili Pansi pa 0.80, Nkhungu Zambiri Sizidzatha Kukula.
Ndikofunikira Kwambiri Kuwongolera Chinyontho Chomwe Mumagulitsa Panthawi Yoyanika Chakudya Cha Pet.Mwachitsanzo, Chinyezi Chachinthucho Chikaumitsidwa Kuchokera pa 25% Mpaka 10%, 200kg Yamadzi Iyenera Kutenthedwa Kuti Ipange 1000kg Ya Chakudya Chouma, Ndipo Chinyezi Chikawumitsidwa Kuchokera 25% Mpaka 12%, Ndikofunikira Kupanga 1000kg. Chakudya Choyanika Chakudya Chokhacho Chimafunika Kusungunula 173kg Ya Madzi.Zakudya Zambiri Zazinyama Zimawumitsidwa Muzowumitsira Zozungulira.
03: Ubwino Wa Chakudya Chachiweto Chowonjezera
Kuphatikiza pa Ubwino Wa Kukoma Kwabwino, Chakudya Chodzitukumula Chilinso ndi Zina Zazabwino Zina:
①Kutentha Kwapamwamba, Kuthamanga Kwambiri, Kutentha Kwambiri, Ndi Mphamvu Zosiyanasiyana Pakupanga Chakudya Kutha Kuchulukitsa Kwambiri Digiri ya Gelatinization ya Wowuma mu Chakudya, Kusokoneza Mapuloteni Mmenemo, Ndi Kuwononga Lipase Yopangidwa Ndi Tizilombo Zosiyanasiyana Nthawi Imodzi. Pangani Mafuta Okhazikika.Ndikopindulitsa Kupititsa patsogolo Kagayidwe ka Zinyama Ndi Kugwiritsidwa Ntchito Kwa Chakudya.
②Kutentha Kwapamwamba Ndi Kuthamanga Kwambiri Kwa Zopangira M'chipinda Chowonjezera Kutha Kupha Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Pathogenic Microorganisms Zomwe Zili mu Zopangira Zopangira, Kuti Chakudya Chikwaniritse Zofunikira Zaukhondo Ndi Kupewa Matenda Osiyanasiyana Omwe Amabwera Chifukwa Chodyetsa Chakudya.
③Kutulutsa Ndi Kupaka Kumatha Kupanga Zinthu Zamagulu Amitundu Yosiyanasiyana, Monga Chakudya Cha Amphaka Chitha Kupangidwa Monga Nsomba, Chakudya Cha Agalu Chikhoza Kupangidwa Mumafupa Ang'onoang'ono, Zomwe Zingawongolere Chilakolako Cha Ziweto Kudya.
④ Kusungunuka kwa Chakudya Kutha Kutsogozedwa Ndi Kupaka, Ndipo Kukoma Ndi Kununkhira Kwa Chakudya Kutha Kulimbikitsidwa, Zomwe Zili Zofunika Kwambiri Kwa Agalu Ndi Amphaka Omwe Ziwalo Zawo Zam'mimba Sizinapangidwebe.
⑤Madzi a Madzi Owuma a Pellet Yowuma Ndi 10% -12% Yokha, Zomwe Zingathe Kusungidwa Kwa Nthawi Yaitali Osayambitsa Nkhungu.
04: Zotsatira za Extrusion pa Digestibility of Nutrients
Njira Yowonjezerera Chakudya Cha Ziweto Imakhudza Kwambiri Kugaya Kwazakudya Zosiyanasiyana, Makamaka Wowuma, Mapuloteni, Mafuta, Ndi Mavitamini.
Wowuma Amalowa mu Gelatinization Pansi pa Ntchito Yophatikizika Yakutentha Kwambiri, Kuthamanga Kwambiri, ndi Chinyezi Pakutentha ndi Kutulutsa.Njira Yachindunji Ndi Yoti Wowuma Mumsanganizo Waufa Umayamba Kumwetsa Madzi Ndikusungunuka Kuchokera Kumatenthedwe a Nthunzi, Ndipo Kutaya Kapangidwe Koyambirira Kwa kristalo.Panthawi ya Extrusion, Ndi Kuwonjezeka Kowonjezereka Kwa Chinyezi, Kutentha, ndi Kupanikizika, Kutupa Kwa Wowuma Kumakulirakulirabe, Ndipo Pakachulukidwe Kakatundu Wa Wowuma Amayamba Kuphulika, Ndipo Panthawiyi, Wowuma Ayamba Kuwotcha.Zinthu Zowonjezereka Zikatulutsidwa Kuchokera Kufa, Chifukwa Kupanikizika Kumatsika Mwadzidzidzi ku Kupanikizika kwa Mumlengalenga, Wowuma Granules Amaphulika Kwambiri, Ndipo Digiri ya Gelatinization Imakulanso Kwambiri.Kutentha ndi Kupanikizika mu Njira Yowonjezera Kumakhudza Mwachindunji Digiri ya Gelatinization ya Wowuma.Mercier Et Al.(1975) Adapeza Kuti Madzi Akakhala 25%, Kutentha Kwabwino Kwambiri Kwa Cornstarch kunali 170-200oc.Munjira iyi, Digestibility ya In Vitro ya Wowuma Pambuyo pa Gelatinization Itha Kufikira 80%.Poyerekeza ndi Digestibility Pamaso Kukula (18% ) Kwawonjezeka Kwambiri ndi 18%.Chiang Et Al.(1977) Anapeza Kuti Digiri Ya Wowuma Gelatinization Inawonjezeka Ndi Kuwonjezeka Kwa Kutentha Kwapakati pa 65-110oc, Koma Digiri Ya Wowuma Gelatinization Inachepa Ndi Kuwonjezeka Kwa Kudya Liwiro.
Kachitidwe ka Steam Conditioning ndi Extrusion Imakhudzanso Kwambiri Kugaya kwa Mapuloteni, Ndipo Zomwe Zachitika Ndi Kupanga Mapuloteni Kuti Asinthe Njira Zomwe Zimakhala Zothandiza Kugaya Zinyama.Pansi pa Kuchita Kwa Steam Conditioning And Mechanical Pressure, puloteni imapangidwanso kuti ipange ma granules, ndipo kusungunuka kwamadzi kumachepetsedwa.Kuchuluka kwa Mapuloteni, Mpamenenso Kusungunuka kwa Madzi Kumachepa.
Gelatinization ya Wowuma Komanso Imakhudza Kwambiri Kusungunuka Kwamadzi Kwamapuloteni.Wowuma wa Gelatinized Amapanga Mapangidwe A Mamembrane Ozungulira Pamapuloteni, Zomwe Zimapangitsa Kuchepa Kwa Kusungunuka Kwa Mapuloteni M'madzi.
Mapuloteni Akawonjezedwa, Kapangidwe Kake Kumasinthanso, Ndipo Kapangidwe Kake ka Quaternary Kumasinthidwa Kukhala Wapamwamba Kapena Wachiwiri, Zomwe Zimafupikitsa Nthawi Ya Hydrolysis Ya Mapuloteni Panthawi Yogaya.Komabe, Glutamic Acid Kapena Aspartic Acid Mkati Mwa Mapuloteni Adzachita Ndi Lysine, Zomwe Zimachepetsa Kugwiritsa Ntchito Lysine.Kuchita kwa Maillard Pakati pa Gulu la ε-Amino La Amino Acid Ndi Shuga Pakutentha Kwambiri Kumachepetsanso Kusungunuka Kwa Mapuloteni.Zinthu Zotsutsana ndi Zakudya Zakudya Zam'madzi, Monga Antitrypsin, Zimawonongekanso Akatenthedwa, Zomwe Zimapangitsa Kusungunuka Kwa Mapuloteni Ndi Zinyama Kuchokera Mbali Ina.
Panthawi Yopanga Zonse, Mapuloteni Omwe Ali mu Chakudya Sasintha, Ndipo Mphamvu ya Amino Acids Simasintha Kwambiri.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-02-2023